Lupus Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Dr. Glaxon Alex, Consultant Rheumatologist, SUT Hospital, Pattom

Lupus, also known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in various organs. It can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs. The disease affects very young children and the elderly, but is most common in women between the ages of 15 and 45.The disease may worsen during pregnancy and postpartum. But with the new immune-modulatory treatment, the disease can be completely controlled, making it possible for lupus patients to become pregnant just like normal women. It is also possible to breastfeed with safe medications.

Symptoms

Lupus symptoms vary widely, making it difficult to diagnose. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue: Extreme tiredness that doesn’t improve with rest.
• Joint Pain and Swelling: Particularly in the hands, wrists, and knees.
• Skin Rashes: A characteristic “butterfly-shaped” rash across the cheeks and nose.
• Fever: Persistent, low-grade fever.
• Photosensitivity: Increased sensitivity to sunlight, causing rashes or other symptoms.
• Kidney Problems: Swelling in the legs or around the eyes, and protein in the urine.
• Hair Loss: Thinning hair or bald patches.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing lupus involves a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory tests:

• Medical History and Physical Exam: Doctors look for a combination of symptoms typical of lupus.
• Blood Tests: Including the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, which detects auto antibodies.
• Urine Tests: To check for kidney involvement.
• Biopsies: Kidney or skin biopsies to check for inflammation or damage.

Treatment

While there is no cure for lupus, treatments aim to control symptoms and prevent flare-ups:

• Lifestyle Changes: Including sun protection, a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding stress to help manage symptoms.
• Regular Monitoring: Regular check-ups are essential to monitor the disease and adjust treatments as necessary.

Early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment can significantly improve the quality of life for those living with lupus. If you suspect you have symptoms of lupus, consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate management plan.

Summary:Lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease, causes widespread inflammation and tissue damage. Symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, rashes, and kidney problems. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and lab tests. While incurable, lupus can be managed with medications, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring, significantly improving patients’ quality of life.